Stem Cell-Mediated Intervertebral Disc Regeneration

Currently, degenerative disk disease (DDD) and the subsequent chronic lower back pain that results from it represent a significant source of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The available treatment modalities such as pain therapy and surgical interventions aim to provide symptomatic relief; however, they do not address the underlying pathophysiology of DDD. The disease also has high societal health care costs (Chan et al., 2006; Cassinelli et al, 2001). Many modalities exist for symptomatic treatment of this condition, including bed rest, massage, stretching, strengthening exercises, physical therapy, epidural injections and other pain management therapies, and spinal surgery. Most conservative therapies are